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Voir Dire
Would You Survive
Jury Selection
in Mississippi?
In most states including Mississippi, prosecutors can remove potential jurors using peremptory strikes. A Mississippi Today investigation looked at the reasons prosecutors have given for striking Black jurors in more than 50 cases appealed between 2015 and 2025.
In 1986, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Batson v. Kentucky that peremptory strikes cannot be used to remove jurors on the basis of race. Mississippi Today’s analysis of court records found that the state Supreme Court has not once ruled in favor of protecting a struck Black juror since 2015, while affirming protections for white jurors in at least four cases.
Take a seat. The prosecutor has some questions for you.
What county do you live in?
Some questions the prosecutor asks will reference your county.
You’ve been removed from the jury pool.
Between 2015 and 2025, the Mississippi Supreme Court considered at least 18 Batson claims. It ruled in favor of protecting a struck Black juror zero times.
In the same period, the court affirmed protections for struck white jurors in at least four cases.
You made it onto the jury.
During our investigation, Mississippi Today looked at the reasons prosecutors have given for striking Black jurors in more than 50 cases appealed between 2015 and 2025 — from their education level to their job history, their experiences with law enforcement, thoughts on the death penalty, having a family member in prison or simply giving the prosecutor a “bad vibe.”
Between 2015 and 2025, the Mississippi Supreme Court considered at least 18 Batson claims. It ruled in favor of protecting a struck Black juror zero times. In the same period, the court affirmed protections for struck white jurors in at least four cases.
const QUESTIONS = [ { "category": "Death Penalty", "question": "What is your opinion on the death penalty?", "answer_options": [ "Support it", "No Opinion", "Oppose it" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "No Opinion", "reason_given": "Undecided on the death penalty", "response_text": "In Cox v. State, a capital case, a juror who wrote that she had "no opinion" on the death penalty was struck by the prosecution.", "case_name": "Cox v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2013-DP-00087-SCT (Miss. 2015)", "quote": "" }, { "answer": "Oppose it", "reason_given": "Opposed to the death penalty", "response_text": "Expressing opposition to the death penalty has been used to strike jurors in capital cases across Mississippi. In Cox v. State, a juror who wrote that he could never consider the death penalty was removed from the pool.", "case_name": "Cox v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2013-DP-00087-SCT (Miss. 2015)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Law Enforcement", "question": "Have you ever had a negative interaction with law enforcement?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had bad interactions with law enforcement", "response_text": "In Phillips v. State, a Black woman was struck after the prosecutor said an investigator told them she had "bad interactions" with law enforcement and the DA's office. The juror herself had not been asked about this during questioning.", "case_name": "Phillips v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2014u2013KAu201300018u2013COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "After consulting with our investigator on the first case, he informed us that Ms. Hodo has had bad interaction[s] with our office and also with law enforcement." } ] }, { "category": "Law Enforcement", "question": "Are any of your family members in law enforcement?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Related to law enforcement", "response_text": "In Knox v. Cain, being related to law enforcement was cited as a reason to strike a juror. This is unusual because closeness to law enforcement is typically seen as favorable to the prosecution.", "case_name": "Knox v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 5:13-CV-241-KHJ (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Family History", "question": "Do you have a family member or loved one who has been incarcerated?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had incarcerated loved ones", "response_text": "Having a family member who has been charged with or convicted of a crime, or incarcerated is one of the most commonly cited reasons for striking Black jurors in Mississippi, appearing in cases reviewed by Mississippi Today including Johnson v. State, Eubanks v. State and Pettus v. State.", "case_name": "Johnson v. State; Brown v. State; Eubanks v. State; Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Family History", "question": "Has a member of your family ever been charged with a crime by the [COUNTY] district attorney's office?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Family members prosecuted by the DA's office", "response_text": "In Cox v. State, the prosecutor struck a juror whose family member had been prosecuted by the assistant district attorney. The prosecutor said, "I think I've sent more Footes to the penitentiary out of Union County than any other name."", "case_name": "Cox v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2013-DP-00087-SCT (Miss. 2015)", "quote": "I think I've sent more Footes to the penitentiary out of Union County than any other name, I think. His brother was sentenced on drug charges. We've had Zyrone and CoCo and all amounts of Footes that we've sent to the penitentiary...." } ] }, { "category": "Family History", "question": "Have you ever had contact with the [COUNTY] district attorney's office for any reason (even if no charges were ever filed)?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had prior contact with the district attorney's office", "response_text": "In Clark v. State, a Black male juror was struck in part because he had previously met with the district attorney regarding a shoplifting case that was ultimately not pursued. Even though no charges were filed, that prior contact with the DA's office was cited as a reason for the strike. The court accepted it as race-neutral.", "case_name": "Clark v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-DP-00689-SCT (Miss. 2022)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Family History", "question": "Do you have close friends or relatives who have been involved in the criminal justice system?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Close friends or relatives with criminal justice history", "response_text": "In Mootye v. State, three Black jurors were struck for having close friends and relatives with criminal legal system history. One juror sparked "concern from law enforcement officers" who suggested there may be "some connection" between the juror and a recently arrested former officer.", "case_name": "Mootye v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2016-KA-01016-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Family History", "question": "Has a family member ever been convicted of a crime?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Family member with criminal conviction", "response_text": "Having a relative with a criminal conviction has been used repeatedly to strike Black jurors. In both Pitchford v. Cain and Johnson v. State, a juror was struck in part because a family member had been convicted of a crime. In the case of the latter, the juror "did not feel his nephew had been treated fairly".", "case_name": "Johnson v. State; Pitchford v. Cain; Eubanks v. State; Brown v. State; Wilson v. State; Knox v. Cain", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Employment", "question": "Are you currently unemployed?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Unemployed", "response_text": "In Larry v. State, two Black jurors were struck in part because they were unemployed. Unemployment was cited alongside low education level as the reason for the strikes.", "case_name": "Larry v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2014-KA-00201-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Employment", "question": "Do you work in information technology (I.T.)?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Worked in I.T.", "response_text": "In Bell v. State, a Black male juror was struck because he worked in I.T. The prosecutor told the court, "I.T. people aren't very perceptive to me."", "case_name": "Bell v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2017-KA-01280-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "I employed a bunch of I.T. guys at one time. I.T. people aren't very perceptive to me. I feel u2014 and some of your high-level engineers and I.T. guys, they u2014 they require a lot of data that u2014 that they just don't get in trials, and they u2014 and they fail to apply common sense to many of the instructions. That's been my experience." } ] }, { "category": "Employment", "question": "Do you work for the government or a federal agency?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Government or federal employment", "response_text": "In Miles v. State, a juror was struck because he worked for a U.S. government agency. Employment type is listed by the Mississippi Supreme Court as a valid race-neutral reason for a peremptory strike.", "case_name": "Miles v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-CT-00895-SCT (Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Employment", "question": "Do you work at a school or church?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Worked at a parochial school; might be lenient", "response_text": "In Jackson v. Crockett, a Black female juror was struck because she was a teacher at a parochial school. The prosecutor said she might be "more lenient because of her position." The trial court accepted this, adding that she "might feel sympathy for a fairly young defendant."", "case_name": "Jackson v. Crockett", "case_citation": "No. 3:12cv124u2013DPJu2013FKB (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "Ms. Wilson was a teacher at a parochial school, and the prosecutor justified the strike by stating that Ms. Wilson might be more lenient because of her position." } ] }, { "category": "Employment", "question": "Have you ever worked at a jail, prison, or correctional facility?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had worked at a local jail", "response_text": "In Cox v. State, a Black juror was struck because she had previously worked at a local jail, and the state argued she could have an attachment to prisoners.", "case_name": "Cox v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2013-DP-00087-SCT (Miss. 2015)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Education", "question": "What is the highest level of education you have completed?", "answer_options": [ "High school diploma or less", "Some college or associate degree", "Bachelor's degree", "Graduate or professional degree" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "High school diploma or less", "reason_given": "Only had a high school degree", "response_text": "In Larry v. State, two Black jurors were struck in part because they had only a high school education. In Young v. State, the prosecutor said he struck any juror who did not have more than a high school education because the case involved "significant DNA evidence."", "case_name": "Larry v. State; Young v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Do you have children?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Having children", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, the prosecutor argued that a juror with a young child who had "never married" would not be a good juror because he was "too closely related to the defendant" in life circumstances. In Clark v. State, a Black male juror was struck in part because he had a son close in age to the victim. The prosecutor argued that this similarity in circumstances could prevent the juror from remaining impartial.", "case_name": "Pitchford v. Cain; Clark v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" }, ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Have you ever been married?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "No", "reason_given": "Never been married", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, the prosecutor argued that an unmarried juror of similar age to the defendant would be unable to stop "thinking about these issues, especially on the second phase" of a capital trial. The juror was struck.", "case_name": "Bell v. State; Pitchford v. Cain", "case_citation": "", "quote": "He has never married. [...] In my opinion he will not be able to not be thinking about these issues, especially on the second phase." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Is your spouse or partner employed in healthcare?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Spouse was a nurse", "response_text": "In Bell v. State, a Black male juror was struck in part because his wife was a nurse. The prosecutor said, "They're not supposed to discuss the case, but that was somewhat of a flag."", "case_name": "Bell v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2017-KA-01280-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "His wife is also a nurse. We do not know where she is employed as a nurse. But he has to go home to her every evening, we would suspect, and we don't know what u2014 you know, they're not supposed to discuss the case, but that was somewhat of a flag." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Does anyone in your family work in the legal profession?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Family members were attorneys", "response_text": "In Chamberlin v. Fisher, a juror was struck because her sisters were attorneys. The prosecutor told the court, "We always look at lawyers or anybody close to lawyers."", "case_name": "Chamberlin v. Fisher", "case_citation": "No. 2:11CV72CWR (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "We always look at lawyers or anybody close to lawyers." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Do you own a firearm?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Owned a gun for self-protection", "response_text": "In Dille v. State, a Black juror was struck in part because she had been car-jacked and fired a gun in self-defense. The prosecutor also struck a second Black juror, claiming she "carries a gun in a holster and has shown it to people in a threatening manner."", "case_name": "Dille v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-KA-00855-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Do you drink alcohol regularly?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Known to drink", "response_text": "In Pettus v. State, the prosecutor struck a Black juror based on information from law enforcement that the juror "was known in the community to drink a lot." Officers said they "would be surprised if she's not drinking right now."", "case_name": "Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2018-KA-01615-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "She struck Juror 7 based on information she received from law enforcement; namely, that Juror 7 'was known in the community to drink a lot' and that law enforcement 'would be surprised if she's not drinking right now.'" } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Have you ever struggled with substance use?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Known drug user", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, a Black female juror was struck after the prosecutor told the court that, "according to police officers, she is a known drug user." The juror was not asked about this during voir dire.", "case_name": "Pitchford v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 4:18-CV-00002-MPM (N.D. Miss.)", "quote": "According to police officers, she is a known drug user." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Have you ever struggled with mental health issues?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Mental problems", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, a Black female juror was struck after the prosecutor told the court that, according to a police captain, the juror "has mental problems. They have had numerous calls to her house and said she obviously has mental problems."", "case_name": "Pitchford v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 4:18-CV-00002-MPM (N.D. Miss.)", "quote": "She is the one that was 15 minutes late. She also, according to police officer, police captain, Carver Conley, has mental problems. They have had numerous calls to her house and said she obviously has mental problems." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Have you ever received a speeding ticket?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Speeding violations", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, a Black male juror was struck in part because he had "numerous speeding violations." This was cited alongside his age, marital status, and the fact that he had a child u2014 characteristics the prosecutor said made him "too closely related to the defendant."", "case_name": "Pitchford v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 4:18-CV-00002-MPM (N.D. Miss.)", "quote": "He has numerous speeding violations that we are aware of." } ] }, { "category": "Personal Life", "question": "Have you or a family member ever been the victim of a crime?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had been a victim of a crime", "response_text": "In Dille v. State, a Black juror was struck in part because she had been car-jacked and fired a gun in self-defense. In Thomas v. State, a white juror was struck in part because his father had been a victim of a financial crime.", "case_name": "Dille v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-KA-00855-COA (Miss. Ct. App. 2021)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Where You Live", "question": "Do you live in an area where crime is common?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Lived in a high crime area", "response_text": "In Payne v. State, a Black female juror was struck because she lived in Lumberton, an area where the prosecutor said they had "prosecuted several people for drugs." The Mississippi Supreme Court has listed living in a "high crime area" as a valid race-neutral reason for a strike.", "case_name": "Payne v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2015u2013KAu201300641u2013COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "She lives in Lumberton....We've prosecuted several people for drugs in that area." } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "Do you generally feel comfortable making eye contact with people in positions of authority?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "Not really" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Not really", "reason_given": "No eye contact with prosecutor", "response_text": "Failing to make eye contact with the prosecutor has been cited in at least three Mississippi cases as a reason to strike Black jurors, including Sims v. State, Miskell v. State, and Pettus v. State. The Mississippi Supreme Court lists body language as a valid race-neutral reason.", "case_name": "Sims v. State; Miskell v. State; Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "In a room full of strangers, do you tend to speak up or stay quiet?", "answer_options": [ "Speak up", "Stay quiet" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Stay quiet", "reason_given": "Nonresponsive during voir dire", "response_text": "Being nonresponsive during voir dire is one of the most commonly cited reasons for striking jurors in Mississippi. It appeared in at least five cases, including Sims v. State, Miskell v. State, and Wolfe v. State.", "case_name": "Sims v. State; Miskell v. State; Mootye v. State; Wolfe v. State; Dille v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "Do you find it easy to sit still for long periods of time?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "No", "reason_given": "Fidgety; would not sit still; inattentive", "response_text": "In Miskell v. State, the prosecutor struck a Black female juror because "she was fidgety...she was inattentive. She seemed like she didn't want to be here. She was angry. Wouldn't make eye contact. Wouldn't sit still."", "case_name": "Miskell v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2016u2013KAu201301306u2013COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "She was fidgety when she was doing the panel. She was [in]attentive. She seemed like she didn't want to be here. She was angry. Wouldn't make eye contact. Wouldn't sit still." } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "How do you feel about jury duty?", "answer_options": [ "Happy to serve", "It's my civic duty", "I'd rather not be here" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "I'd rather not be here", "reason_given": "Disinterested; did not seem to want to be there", "response_text": "In Smith v. State (Tameka), a Black female juror was struck because she "frowned a lot during voir dire" and gave the impression she didn't want to be there. In Marshall v. State, a juror who looked like she was impatient and didn't want to be there was struck.", "case_name": "Miskell v. State; Smith v. State (Tameka); Marshall v. State; Wolfe v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "Would people who know you say you have a serious resting face?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Frowned a lot", "response_text": "In Smith v. State (Tameka), a Black female juror was struck because she "frowned a lot during our voir dire" and gave the impression she didn't want to be there.", "case_name": "Smith v. State (Tameka)", "case_citation": "No. 2015-KA-01375-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "[I]t was our observation that she frowned a lot during our voir dire and gave us the impression that she just didn't want to be here." } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "When you're in a courtroom, do you tend to feel more sympathetic toward the prosecution or the defense?", "answer_options": [ "Prosecution", "No preference", "Defense" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Defense", "reason_given": "Overly friendly to the defense", "response_text": "In Sims v. State, a Black juror was described as "overly friendly to the defense" and "agreeable to everything the defense counsel had said" while being nonresponsive to the prosecutor. In Anderson v. State, jurors were struck for seeming to "like the defense too much."", "case_name": "Sims v. State; Anderson v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "The prosecutor also described [her] as behaving overly friendly to the defense and as being agreeable to everything the defense counsel had said." } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "Are you generally punctual?", "answer_options": [ "I'm always on time", "I'm sometimes late" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "I'm sometimes late", "reason_given": "Late to jury selection", "response_text": "In Pitchford v. Cain, a Black female juror was struck in part because she was 15 minutes late to jury selection. Lateness was also cited in Flowers v. State.", "case_name": "Pitchford v. Cain; Flowers v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "S-2 is black female, juror number 30. She is the one that was 15 minutes late." } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "Have you ever had trouble staying awake in school or long meetings?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Fell asleep during voir dire", "response_text": "In Hartfield v. State, a white juror was struck because he fell asleep during defense counsel's voir dire. Notably, the trial court found this reason discriminatory. In the federal case United States v. Abreu & Young, a female juror of color was struck in part for falling asleep, which the court found valid.", "case_name": "Hartfield v. State; United States v. Abreu & Young", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "When you fill out official forms, do you always complete every field?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "Not always" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Not always", "reason_given": "Did not complete juror information card", "response_text": "In Sims v. State, a Black juror was struck because she "did not complete her juror information card." Incomplete questionnaires were also cited in Pettus v. State.", "case_name": "Sims v. State; Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Demeanor", "question": "If given the chance, would you ask to be excused from jury duty?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Asking to be excused from jury", "response_text": "In Knox v. Cain, asking to be excused from the jury was cited among the reasons for striking a Black juror in a capital murder case.", "case_name": "Knox v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 5:13-CV-241-KHJ (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Appearance", "question": "Is your hair dyed an unusual color?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had red-dyed hair; inattentive", "response_text": "In Jackson v. Crockett, a Black female juror was struck because "she appeared to be inattentive and because she had red-dyed hair." The trial judge accepted the juror's appearance as a valid race-neutral reason for exclusion.", "case_name": "Jackson v. Crockett", "case_citation": "No. 3:12cv124u2013DPJu2013FKB (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "The prosecutor explained that Ms. Brown had been stricken because she appeared to be inattentive and because she had red-dyed hair." } ] }, { "category": "Appearance", "question": "Would you describe your hairstyle as unconventional?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Strange hair design; same unusual hairstyle as defendant", "response_text": "In Knox v. Cain, a juror was struck because he had "a ponytail, a sort of strange hair design." The prosecutor said the juror's "age is very much in line with the age of the defendant" and he was "concerned that he may identify with him and both have unusual hairstyles."", "case_name": "Knox v. Cain", "case_citation": "No. 5:13-CV-241-KHJ (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "One juror had 'a ponytail, a sort of strange hair design.' His 'age is very much in line with the age of the defendant,' and the prosecutor was 'concerned that he may identify with him and both have unusual hairstyles.'" } ] }, { "category": "Relationships", "question": "Do you personally know anyone who has been charged with a serious crime?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Knew someone charged with a similar crime", "response_text": "In Vasser v. State, a juror was struck because they knew someone who had been charged with a similar crime 20 years earlier.", "case_name": "Vasser v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2020-KA-00358-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Age", "question": "Are you under 25 years old?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Under age 25", "response_text": "In Johnson v. State, three Black jurors were struck because they were under age 25.", "case_name": "Johnson v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2017-KA-01722-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Health", "question": "Do you have any difficulty hearing?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Hard of hearing", "response_text": "In Sims v. State, a Black juror was struck because she was "hard of hearing."", "case_name": "Sims v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2014u2013KAu201301174u2013COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Health", "question": "Do you have any chronic pain or physical condition that makes it hard to sit for long periods of time?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Had pain issues", "response_text": "In the federal case United States v. Abreu & Young, a juror was struck because she had pain issues that could affect her ability to serve.", "case_name": "United States v. Abreu & Young", "case_citation": "No. 1:20-cr-48-HSO-RHWR (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Opinions", "question": "How do you feel about the use of informant testimony in criminal cases?", "answer_options": [ "Trustworthy", "Depends on the case", "Skeptical" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Skeptical", "reason_given": "Had mixed feelings about informant testimony", "response_text": "In Washington v. State, jurors were struck for having problems with or mixed opinions on informant or "snitch" testimony.", "case_name": "Washington v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2021-KA-01384-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" }, { "answer": "Depends on the case", "reason_given": "Had mixed feelings about informant testimony", "response_text": "In Washington v. State, jurors were struck for having problems with or mixed opinions on informant or "snitch" testimony.", "case_name": "Washington v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2021-KA-01384-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Opinions", "question": "Do you have strong feelings about the government's use of confidential informants?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Strong opinions about confidential informants", "response_text": "In the federal case United States v. Abreu & Young, a juror was struck for having strong opinions about the government's use of paid confidential informants.", "case_name": "United States v. Abreu & Young", "case_citation": "No. 1:20-cr-48-HSO-RHWR (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Opinions", "question": "In the early years of COVID (2020-2021), did you feel masking and social distancing requirements went too far?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Disapproval of COVID protocols", "response_text": "In the federal case United States v. Abreu & Young, a juror was struck for expressing disapproval of COVID protocols in the courtroom.", "case_name": "United States v. Abreu & Young", "case_citation": "No. 1:20-cr-48-HSO-RHWR (S.D. Miss.)", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Criminal History", "question": "Have you ever been arrested or convicted of a crime?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Criminal background of juror", "response_text": "A juror's own criminal history has been cited in several cases, including Brown v. State, Eubanks v. State, and Jackson v. Crockett. The Mississippi Supreme Court lists criminal history as a valid race-neutral reason for a strike.", "case_name": "Brown v. State; Eubanks v. State; Jackson v. Crockett; Wilson v. State", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] }, { "category": "Jury Service", "question": "Have you ever served on a criminal jury before?", "answer_options": [ "Yes", "No" ], "eliminating_answers": [ { "answer": "Yes", "reason_given": "Previously served on a criminal jury", "response_text": "In Marshall v. State and Wolfe v. State, having previously served on a criminal jury was cited as a reason to strike a juror. In Jackson v. Crockett, a juror's past voting record in criminal trials was also considered.", "case_name": "Marshall v. State; Wolfe v. State; Jackson v. Crockett", "case_citation": "", "quote": "" } ] } ];
const RANDOM_EVENTS = [ { "event_text": "The prosecutor pauses, looks at you for a long moment, and shakes his head.", "reason_given": "Didn't like their 'vibe'", "response_text": "In Dille v. State, the prosecutor struck a Black juror, saying, "Her demeanor was just one of irritation and not comfortable being here. So the State just didn't get a good vibe. I did not get a good vibe."", "quote": "Her demeanor was just one of irritation and not comfortable being here. So the State just didn't get a good vibe. I did not get a good vibe.", "case_name": "Dille v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-KA-00855-COA (Miss. Ct. App.)" }, { "event_text": "The prosecutor tells the judge your body language makes him uncomfortable.", "reason_given": "Bad body language and demeanor", "response_text": "In Jones v. State, a Black juror was struck because, according to the prosecutor, "he had his arms crossed looking at me shaking his head, no; and I just don't feel comfortable allowing a juror with that kind of body language to serve on one of my juries." The Mississippi Supreme Court lists body language and demeanor as valid race-neutral reasons.", "quote": "His body language and the way he communicated, his personality, he had his arms crossed looking at me shaking his head, no; and I just don't feel comfortable allowing a juror with that kind of body language to serve on one of my juries.", "case_name": "Jones v. State; Allen v. State; Garlington v. State", "case_citation": "" }, { "event_text": "The prosecutor confers with a law enforcement officer seated behind him, who shakes his head while looking at you. The prosecutor strikes you from the jury.", "reason_given": "Law enforcement advised against juror", "response_text": "In Payne v. State, the prosecutor said, "I was told by law enforcement [that she] was not a good person to be on the jury." In Mootye v. State, a juror sparked "concern from law enforcement officers." In several cases, strikes were based on information prosecutors received from police rather than from the jurors themselves.", "quote": "I was told by law enforcement [that she] was not a good person to be on the jury that knew her from the drug agents[...] she would not be a good juror.", "case_name": "Payne v. State; Mootye v. State; Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "" }, { "event_text": "The prosecutor glances at your juror card, then tells the judge he recognizes your last name.", "reason_given": "Same last name as people prosecuted by the DA", "response_text": "In Jones v. State, the prosecutor struck two Black jurors because their last names matched those of people his office had prosecuted, calling them "known bootleggers." The defense pointed out the names were common, "just like the Joneses." In Payne v. State, a juror was struck because the prosecutor had "several people" with her last name on the criminal docket. In both cases, the court accepted the strikes as race-neutral.", "quote": "According to law enforcement, we have prosecuted many McKinneys, known to be bootleggers; and we asked the question. They didn't respond.", "case_name": "Jones v. State; Payne v. State; Clark v. State; Pettus v. State", "case_citation": "" }, { "event_text": "The prosecutor reads out a list of witnesses. He notices you react to one of the names and strikes you from the jury.", "reason_given": "Knew defense witnesses", "response_text": "In Flowers v. State, jurors were struck for knowing several defense witnesses. One juror had worked with the defendant's father at Walmart and had been sued by a business connected to the case.", "quote": "", "case_name": "Flowers v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2010-DP-01348-SCT (Miss. 2017)" }, { "event_text": "The prosecutor reads your juror card, looks at the defendant, then back at you. He tells the judge you went to the same school as the defendant.", "reason_given": "Went to the same school as the defendant", "response_text": "In Clark v. State, two Black jurors were struck in part for having gone to the same middle school as the defendant.", "quote": "", "case_name": "Clark v. State", "case_citation": "No. 2019-DP-00689-SCT (Miss. 2022)" } ];
const QUESTIONS_PER_GAME = 12;
const RANDOM_EVENT_CHANCE = .08;
const $ = (sel) => document.querySelector(sel); const $$ = (sel) => document.querySelectorAll(sel);
const dom = { content: $('#content'), progress: $('#progress'), progressBar: $('#progressBar'), progressLabel: $('#progressLabel'), countyInput: $('#countyInput'), btnCounty: $('#btnCounty'), qCategory: $('#qCategory'), qText: $('#qText'), answerGrid: $('#answerGrid'), eventText: $('#eventText'), eventReason: $('#eventReason'), elimReason: $('#elimReason'), elimContext: $('#elimContext'), elimQuote: $('#elimQuote'), elimCase: $('#elimCase'), statSurvived: $('#statSurvived'), statSurvivedLabel:$('#statSurvivedLabel'), survivedContext: $('#survivedContext'), };
const state = { county: '', round: [], questionIndex: 0, survived: 0, currentEvent: null, locked: false, };
/** * Builds and sets share links for a result screen. * * @param {string} outcome - 'struck' or 'seated' * @param {number} answered - number of questions the player answered * @param {string} fbId - element ID of the Facebook share anchor * @param {string} bskyId - element ID of the Bluesky share anchor */ function buildShareLinks(outcome, answered, fbId, bskyId) { const verb = outcome === 'struck' ? 'struck from' : 'seated on'; const pageUrl = window.location.href.split('?')[0].split('#')[0]; const text = `I answered ${answered} question${answered === 1 ? '' : 's'} and was ${verb} the jury. Would you survive jury selection in Mississippi?`;
const fbUrl = `https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${encodeURIComponent(pageUrl)}"e=${encodeURIComponent(text)}`; const bskyUrl = `https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=${encodeURIComponent(text + ' ' + pageUrl)}`;
document.getElementById(fbId).href = fbUrl; document.getElementById(bskyId).href = bskyUrl; }
function shuffle(arr) { const a = [...arr]; for (let i = a.length - 1; i > 0; i--) { const j = Math.floor(Math.random() * (i + 1)); [a[i], a[j]] = [a[j], a[i]]; } return a; }
function interpolate(text) { return text.replace(/{county}/g, state.county || 'your county'); }
function buildRound() { return shuffle(QUESTIONS).slice(0, QUESTIONS_PER_GAME); }
function showScreen(screenId, renderCallback) { dom.content.classList.remove('fade-in'); dom.content.classList.add('fade-out');
setTimeout(() => { $$('.screen').forEach((s) => s.classList.remove('active')); $(`#screen-${screenId}`).classList.add('active'); if (renderCallback) renderCallback(); dom.content.classList.remove('fade-out'); dom.content.classList.add('fade-in'); dom.content.scrollTop = 0; window.scrollTo(0, 0); }, 350); }
function updateProgress() { const pct = (state.questionIndex / state.round.length) * 100; dom.progressBar.style.width = `${pct}%`; dom.progressLabel.textContent = `Question ${state.questionIndex + 1} of ${state.round.length}`; }
function renderQuestion() { dom.progress.hidden = false; updateProgress();
const q = state.round[state.questionIndex];
dom.qCategory.textContent = q.category; dom.qText.textContent = interpolate(q.question);
dom.answerGrid.innerHTML = ''; q.answer_options.forEach((opt) => { const btn = document.createElement('button'); btn.className = 'answer-btn'; btn.textContent = opt; btn.addEventListener('click', () => handleAnswer(opt, q, btn)); dom.answerGrid.appendChild(btn); }); }
function renderEliminated(data) { dom.progress.hidden = true;
dom.elimReason.textContent = `"${data.reason_given}"`; dom.elimContext.textContent = data.response_text;
if (data.quote) { dom.elimQuote.hidden = false; dom.elimQuote.textContent = `"${data.quote}"`; } else { dom.elimQuote.hidden = true; }
let caseText = data.case_name || ''; if (data.case_citation) caseText += `, ${data.case_citation}`; dom.elimCase.textContent = caseText;
dom.statSurvived.textContent = state.survived; dom.statSurvivedLabel.textContent = state.survived === 1 ? 'question survived' : 'questions survived';
buildShareLinks('struck', state.survived, 'shareFbElim', 'shareBskyElim'); }
function renderSurvived() { dom.progress.hidden = true; dom.survivedContext.textContent = `You answered ${state.round.length} questions and none of your responses matched a reason that Mississippi prosecutors have used to strike a potential juror.`;
buildShareLinks('seated', state.round.length, 'shareFbSurvived', 'shareBskySurvived'); }
function renderEvent(evt) { dom.progress.hidden = true; dom.eventText.textContent = evt.event_text; dom.eventReason.innerHTML = `Reason given: "${evt.reason_given}"`; }
function handleAnswer(answer, question, clickedBtn) { if (state.locked) return; state.locked = true;
const match = question.eliminating_answers.find((ea) => ea.answer === answer); const allBtns = dom.answerGrid.querySelectorAll('.answer-btn');
allBtns.forEach((btn) => { btn.disabled = true; if (btn === clickedBtn) { btn.classList.add(match ? 'eliminating' : 'safe'); } else { btn.classList.add('dimmed'); } });
if (match) { setTimeout(() => { showScreen('eliminated', () => renderEliminated(match)); state.locked = false; }, 700); } else { state.survived++; const nextIndex = state.questionIndex + 1;
setTimeout(() => { if (nextIndex >= state.round.length) { showScreen('survived', renderSurvived); } else { const evt = maybeRandomEvent(); state.questionIndex = nextIndex;
if (evt) { state.currentEvent = evt; showScreen('event', () => renderEvent(evt)); } else { showScreen('playing', renderQuestion); } } state.locked = false; }, 700); } }
function maybeRandomEvent() { if (Math.random() < RANDOM_EVENT_CHANCE) { return RANDOM_EVENTS[Math.floor(Math.random() * RANDOM_EVENTS.length)]; } return null; } function startGame() { state.round = buildRound(); state.questionIndex = 0; state.survived = 0; state.currentEvent = null; state.locked = false; showScreen('playing', renderQuestion); } function restart() { if (state.county) { startGame(); } else { showScreen('county'); } } $('#btnEnter').addEventListener('click', () => { showScreen('county'); });
dom.countyInput.addEventListener('input', () => { dom.btnCounty.disabled = !dom.countyInput.value.trim(); });
dom.countyInput.addEventListener('keydown', (e) => { if (e.key === 'Enter' && dom.countyInput.value.trim()) { state.county = dom.countyInput.value.trim(); startGame(); } });
dom.btnCounty.addEventListener('click', () => { state.county = dom.countyInput.value.trim(); startGame(); });
$('#btnEventContinue').addEventListener('click', () => { if (state.currentEvent) { const evt = state.currentEvent; state.currentEvent = null; showScreen('eliminated', () => renderEliminated(evt)); } });
$('#btnRetryElim').addEventListener('click', restart); $('#btnRetrySurvived').addEventListener('click', restart);
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